Green Life

The Romans at first were not very interested in libraries. But, then they became inspired by the Greeks and established a system of public libraries. Wealthy citizens in Rome took an interest in founding libraries for the people, and in making large collections for themselves. Many of these early Roman libraries were located in the forums and the public baths. In the fourth century, there were twenty-eight public libraries in Rome! Most of these were destroyed by fire, pillage, dampness, or neglect when the Roman Empire was over-run by barbarians from the North. Public libraries as they are known today began in the nineteenth century in England. An 1850 act of the English Parliament allowed public libraries to be started. Today, of course, we consider a public library a basic part of civilization.

Brigham Young then became president of the church, and in 1846, about fifteen thousand of his followers started the pioneer movement to the Rocky Mountain territory. In July of 1847, the first advance company reached Salt lake Valley, in what is now Utah, and began the cultivation of that territory. Utah has remained the headquarters of the Mormon Church. The principle beliefs of the church are given briefly in its Articles of Faith. These include belief in a personal God; that men will be punished only for their own sins and not for Adam’s; that through the atonement of Christ, all men may be saved by obedience to the Gospel.

It may be that having created such deadly explosives, Nobel felt a need to do something “noble” for the world. He was interested in establishing peace, and had a plan he thought would prevent war. By the way, besides being a brilliant scientist, Nobel was also a poet. He thought that literature and science were the most important factors in human progress. When he died, Nobel left a fund of $9,000,000. The money was to be used in giving prized to those who made outstanding contributions in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and the advancement of world peace. The prizes averaged about $40,000 each, and were first awarded on December 10, 1901, the anniversary of Nobel death. Since Nobel was a Swede, the Nobel Foundation of Sweden distributed the awards. The organizations selected to determine the winners were: for physics and chemistry, the Royal Academy of Science in Stockholm; for peace, a committee of five persons chose by the Norwegian Parliament.

A Mormon is a member of the Church of Jesus of Christ of Latter-day Saints. The name Mormonism, which is commonly used in speaking of this religion, which comes the use of the Book of Mormon as one of the work of scripture in this church. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was formally organized by Joseph Smith in Fayette, New York, on April 6, 1830. Because of the persecution to which Joseph Smith and his followers were subjected, some moved westward to Ohio, some to Missouri, and finally, to Nauvoo, Illinois where they established their first permanent settlement. In 1844, Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed by a mob even though they were in the Carthage, Illinois, jail for protection from the mob.

A library is an attempt to gather together man’s writings, and this effort was first made long before the birth of Christ. Scientists who dug up Ur, the city of the patriarch Abraham, discovered a clay signet. This was a cylinder of clay on which there were writings. It goes back to 800 B.C., and may have belonged to the first library. As early as 600 B.C., the people of Mesopotamia had well organized libraries in their temples and palaces. The “books” in these early libraries were clay tablets. Thousands of these tablets were arranged in subject order in the temples and palaces, and these collections were the first real libraries. The Egyptians had libraries, too. They were in the temples under the care of priests. The books were in the form of rolls, made of papyrus. But the most famous library of ancient times was established at Alexandria, Egypt.

Every year, when the Nobel Prizes are announced there is a great deal of publicity about the winners. They are interviewed and articles are written about them. This is because winning the Nobel Prize is considered by most people the highest honor that can be achieved in certain particular fields of work such as chemistry, physics, medicine, and literature. There is also a Nobel Peace Prize, awarded for efforts on behalf of peace. The curious thing about these prizes is that they were started by a man who did a great deal to help the science of destruction! Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm and lived from 1833 to 1896. Among the things which he invented and patented were dynamite, blasting gelatin (more powerful than dynamite), and a new kind of detonator for explosives.

Mohammedans believe in the unity of God, unchangeable, all-powerful, all-knowing, all-merciful, and eternal. The creed of Islam is: “There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his Prophet.” Allah is the Arabic word for God. God sits enthroned in the highest of the seven heavens. Around Him are the angels, pure and radiant. They believe that the soul lives on after death formed a major principal for the Islamic religion. The Moslems hold that on judgment day the souls of the dead will rise, and together with the souls of the living, will appear before God’s throne to answer for their deeds. Moslems also believe that the fate, or kismet, of each individual is settled before birth and written down in the great Book of God. A Moslem must practice five chief religious duties, one of which is a pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed and the holy city of the Moslems, at least once during the lifetime.

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The word “utopia” was first used by Sir Thomas More, an English writer who lived in the sixteenth century. He published a book in 1516 called Utopia in which he described a prefect island country. His book became very popular. The idea of utopia, however, goes back long. In fact, more got the idea for his book from the famous ancient Greek philosopher Plato, who wrote a book called “The Republic,” in which he described what would be a perfect state. There were also many legends among such people as the Norse, the Celts, and the Arabs, about prefect place that was supposed to exist somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. When the exploration of the western world actually began, most of these legends were no longer believed. But with More’s book, “Utopia”, it became common for writers to tell of an imaginary place that was perfect.